Queens General Hospital is now NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens
If you are searching for Queens General Hospital NY, the hospital you are looking for is today’s NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens, also widely known as Queens Hospital Center. The official hospital history confirms that the facility opened in 1935 as Queens General Hospital and later became part of Queens Hospital Center.
The current hospital campus is at 82-68 164th Street, Jamaica, NY 11432. The main information number is 718-883-3000, and the hospital Emergency Department operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
This guide brings the useful information scattered across the hospital’s contact pages, clinic pages, billing information, medical-record instructions, New York State records, and the 2026 financial-assistance fee schedule into one practical page.
Also known as Queens Hospital Center.
Jamaica, NY 11432
Queens Hospital phone numbers
These are the direct numbers currently published by NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens. Saving the department number before you travel can avoid being transferred through the main switchboard.
| Need | Phone | When to use it |
|---|---|---|
| Main hospital information | 718-883-3000 | General questions, hospital routing and campus information. |
| System appointment line | 844-692-4692 | New, follow-up and specialty appointment help. |
| Local appointment line | 718-883-3131 | Queens Hospital Center appointments and surgical consultations. |
| Patient Information | 718-883-2670 | Patient location and visiting-hour questions. |
| Patient Relations | 718-883-2058 | Patient experience, concerns and assistance. |
| Adult Emergency | 718-883-3090 | Adult Emergency Department contact. |
| Pediatric Emergency | 718-883-3075 | Children’s Emergency Department contact. |
| Psychiatric Emergency Department | 718-883-3575 | Psychiatric emergency department contact. |
| Self-pay patients | 718-883-4444 | Self-pay questions and local financial routing. |
| Billing & insurance | 718-883-2545 | Local billing and insurance inquiries. |
| Managed care | 718-883-2895 | Managed-care questions. |
| Off-hours administrator | 718-883-2056 | Administrator on duty after hours, weekends and holidays. |
Queens General Hospital name: what happened to it?
The name Queens General Hospital is historical, not the name currently used for patient care. The hospital’s own historical record says the facility first opened on this 22-acre site in 1935 as Queens General Hospital. It soon absorbed the neighboring Queensboro Hospital for Communicable Diseases.
Queens Hospital Center was later formed through consolidation of Queens General, Triboro Hospital and other municipal health facilities. The current public-facing name is NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens, while New York State continues to identify the licensed facility as Queens Hospital Center.
Current NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens facility page figure.
The state profile totals licensed bed categories. This is not necessarily the same measurement as beds currently in operation.
The hospital’s current fast-facts page also lists about 499K clinic visits.
New York State-listed hospital designations
Primary Stroke Center
Listed by New York State as a designated Primary Stroke Center.
Level 3 Perinatal Center
State-listed Level 3 perinatal designation.
SAFE Designated Hospital
State-listed Sexual Assault Forensic Examiner hospital designation.
AIDS Center
Listed as an AIDS Center on the New York State Health Profile.
New York State licensed bed categories
| Bed category | State-listed beds |
|---|---|
| Intensive Care | 16 |
| Maternity | 20 |
| Medical / Surgical | 165 |
| Neonatal Intensive Care | 11 |
| Neonatal Intermediate Care | 4 |
| Psychiatric | 53 |
| Total licensed bed categories | 269 |
Queens Hospital hours: emergency, outpatient and specialty clinics
The Emergency Department is straightforward: it is open 24/7. Outpatient hours vary by service, and the hospital currently displays more than one general outpatient schedule on different official pages.
Main hospital page’s current general service hours
| Service | Monday–Thursday | Friday | Saturday |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult Services | 8:00 a.m.–7:00 p.m. | 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. | 9:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. |
| Pediatric Services | 8:00 a.m.–7:00 p.m. | 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. | 9:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. |
Useful clinic-specific hours
| Clinic / service | Published schedule | Direct information |
|---|---|---|
| Adult Primary Care |
Mon–Thu 8:00 a.m.–8:00 p.m. Fri 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. Sat 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. |
718-883-3226 |
| Pediatric Primary Care |
Mon–Thu 8:00 a.m.–8:00 p.m. Fri 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. Sat 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. |
New: 718-883-3300 Existing: 718-883-3301 |
| Ophthalmology | Mon–Fri 8:30 a.m.–5:00 p.m. | 718-883-3060 |
| Dental Medicine | Mon–Fri 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m. | 347-507-3696 |
| Senior Care Program |
Mon–Fri 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m. Labs: Wed 8:30 a.m.–3:30 p.m. |
718-883-4343 |
| Geriatric Primary Care | Patient care Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m.; clinic open until 5:00 p.m. | 646-816-0647 |
| Virology / HIV Primary Care | Mon–Thu 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m. | 718-883-3640 |
| Radiology Department | Department operates 24/7; outpatient imaging has modality-specific hours. | See radiology table below. |
Clinic schedules can change for holidays, staffing or specialty sessions. The published hours above should not be interpreted as a promise that every doctor is present for the entire clinic window.
How to make an appointment at Queens Hospital Center
NYC Health + Hospitals provides both centralized scheduling and local Queens Hospital scheduling routes.
Follow-up scheduling, messages, results and billing functions may be available.
New patient appointment
Same-day appointments
The hospital’s current primary-care information directs patients to 844-692-4692 for appointments, including same-day appointments. Actual same-day availability depends on the clinic and capacity that day.
Doctors at Queens Hospital Center: names, specialties and schedules
The hospital has a large medical staff and is academically affiliated with Mount Sinai. A complete current doctor-by-doctor weekly rota is not published as a static public list.
Current physician and clinical leaders publicly named by the hospital
| Name | Current publicly listed role | Scheduling note |
|---|---|---|
| Dave A. Holson, MD, MPH | Chief Medical Officer, NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens | Executive medical leadership role; not presented as a routine appointment schedule. |
| James O’Connor, MD | President, Medical Board | No fixed patient clinic rota is published on the leadership page. |
| John Navas, MD | Chief of Service – Psychiatry | Psychiatry program leadership; individual clinical availability must be confirmed. |
| Sohal Shipu, MD, FAPA | Deputy Chief of Psychiatry; Psychiatry Residency Training Program Director | Individual appointment days are not published on the program leadership page. |
| Anila Siddiqi, MD | Medical Director, Partial Hospital Program | Named by NYC Health + Hospitals in 2026; program scheduling should be confirmed directly. |
| Alice McKenzie Garner, MD | Chief of Newborn Services | Newborn-service leadership; neonatal coverage is provided around the clock. |
| Lucy Capobianco, DMD | Director of Service, Dental Medicine | Dental clinic hours are Mon–Fri 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.; call 347-507-3696 for appointments. |
Can you request a specific doctor?
Use the NYC Health + Hospitals provider search to identify a clinician, then call the relevant clinic or 844-692-4692 and ask whether that physician is seeing new patients, which Queens location they practice at, and which appointment dates are open.
Useful phone question
“I want an appointment at NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens with Dr. [name]. Is this doctor currently seeing patients at the 82-68 164th Street campus, which days are they scheduled, and what is the next available appointment?”
How much does a particular doctor charge?
The hospital does not publish a dependable doctor-by-doctor consultation fee such as “Dr. X charges $150.” Patient cost depends on insurance, the clinic, professional and facility billing, services provided and financial-assistance eligibility.
Qualified NYC Health + Hospitals financial-assistance patients can have a medical-clinic visit fee as low as $0, while the 2026 sliding scale lists medical-clinic visit amounts up to $50 in its covered income bands. Those amounts are financial-assistance rates, not universal standard physician fees.
Queens Hospital Emergency Room: hours, phone and what to expect
The Emergency Department serves both adults and children around the clock.
Open every day for emergency care.
Emergency services available
Adult emergency care
Board-certified, residency-trained emergency physicians and emergency-trained nurses manage illnesses and injuries ranging from minor problems to critical emergencies.
Pediatric Emergency Department
Children are treated in a separate pediatric emergency area staffed with trained pediatricians and nurses.
Urgent Care area
The department identifies an Urgent Care Center for less-serious illnesses and injuries.
Emergency diagnostics
Laboratory testing, X-rays, ultrasound, CT and angiography capabilities are listed.
24/7 rapid HIV testing
Rapid HIV testing is listed as available around the clock through emergency services.
SAFE services
A dedicated Sexual Assault Forensic Exam room and SAFE-trained personnel are listed by the Emergency Department.
How emergency triage works
Emergency patients are assessed according to the severity and urgency of their condition. The sickest patients are treated first, so a person with a non-life-threatening problem may wait longer even if they arrived earlier.
What to bring to the ER, if you have time
- Your medications or an up-to-date medication list.
- Photo identification such as a driver’s license or passport.
- Health-insurance cards.
- Name and contact information for your preferred pharmacy.
- Medical equipment you normally need, such as a walker or cane.
Psychiatric emergency
The hospital publishes a separate Psychiatric Emergency Department number: 718-883-3575. For immediate danger or a life-threatening emergency, call 911.
Queens Hospital fees, ER cost and 2026 financial-assistance rates
There is no single standard “Queens Hospital ER fee” or “doctor fee” that applies to every patient. Insurance, procedures, tests, physician charges and financial-assistance eligibility can all change the amount owed.
2026 sliding-fee examples
| Service | ≤200% FPL | 201–250% | 251–300% | 301–350% | 351–400% | 401–500% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical Clinic Visit | $0 | $20 | $20 | $30 | $40 | $50 |
| Behavioral Health Clinic Visit | $0 | $15 | $20 | $30 | $40 | $50 |
| Vaccine-Only Visit | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 | $0 |
| Emergency Room Visit | $0 | $30 | $30 | $60 | $60 | $100 |
| Prescription Drugs / prescription | $0 | $3 | $3 | $6 | $6 | $20 |
| Ambulatory Surgery | $0 | $200 | $200 | $450 | $450 | $650 |
| MRI | $0 | $50 | $50 | $100 | $100 | $150 |
| PET | $0 | $150 | $150 | $300 | $300 | $500 |
| Inpatient Hospital Stay | $0 | $150 | $400 | $900 | $1,200 | $1,500 |
2026 income ranges used by the sliding scale
As one practical example, for a one-person household, the 2026 table places income below $31,920 in the up-to-200% FPL column. The 401–500% band runs from $63,841 through $79,800.
For a four-person household, the up-to-200% threshold is below $66,000, while the 401–500% band is $132,001 through $165,000. Family size changes the income limits substantially.
What if income is above the table?
The official 2026 schedule states that patients with household income above the listed ranges are charged according to the NYC Health + Hospitals self-pay rate. Call a financial counselor for an individual estimate rather than assuming the sliding fee applies.
How to get a cost estimate before treatment
Medical services available at NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens
Queens Hospital provides a broad mix of inpatient, outpatient, emergency and specialty care.
Primary Care
Adult medicine, pediatrics, geriatrics and HIV primary care are among the hospital’s published primary-care programs.
Emergency Medicine
24/7 adult and pediatric emergency care with advanced diagnostic capability.
Cardiology
Cardiac evaluation, stress testing, echocardiograms, Holter/event monitoring, pacemaker services and electrophysiology consultation.
Cancer Care
Queens Cancer Center provides oncology services including chemotherapy, screening, imaging and multidisciplinary cancer care.
Diabetes Care
Diabetes assessment, education, nutrition counseling, insulin-pump support, continuous glucose monitoring and referrals.
Women’s Health
Obstetrics, gynecology, prenatal care, high-risk pregnancy care, labor and delivery, postpartum services and family-planning care.
Pediatrics
Primary pediatrics plus cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, neurology, pulmonology/asthma and other pediatric specialties.
Ophthalmology
General and specialty eye care including retina, glaucoma, cornea, pediatric ophthalmology and multiple eye surgeries.
Dental Medicine
Dental care for children, adults and seniors, including preventive, restorative, periodontal, endodontic, oral-surgery and emergency dental care.
Radiology
X-ray, CT, PET-CT, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, MRI, mammography, bone densitometry and interventional radiology.
Surgery
General, breast, colorectal, vascular, thoracic, plastic, hand and podiatric surgery.
Behavioral Health
Inpatient/outpatient psychiatric services, psychiatric emergency care and chemical-dependency programs.
Geriatric Care
Comprehensive geriatric assessment, nutrition, medication review, referrals and social-resource assistance.
Rehabilitation
Acute inpatient rehabilitation and multidisciplinary rehabilitation services.
Urology
Kidney-stone care, lithotripsy and care for urologic conditions including prostate, bladder, kidney and testicular cancers.
Specialty phone directory
| Department | Phone | Useful detail |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiology | 718-883-4515 | Cardiology information and appointments. |
| Queens Cancer Center | 718-883-4673 | Published as 718-883-HOPE. |
| Diabetes Center | 718-883-3180 | Pavilion Building, fourth floor, northeast side. |
| Ophthalmology | 718-883-3060 | Pavilion, Room P452. |
| Dental Medicine | 347-507-3696 | Dental appointment line. |
| Pediatrics – new appointment | 718-883-3300 | Pavilion first floor, Suite P151. |
| Pediatrics – existing patient | 718-883-3301 | Queens campus pediatric clinic. |
| Senior Care | 718-883-4343 | Medication, social-needs and program assistance. |
| Women’s Health | 718-883-3244 | OB-GYN and women’s health information/appointments. |
| Surgery | 718-883-3131 | General surgical consultation scheduling. |
| Vascular Surgery | 718-883-2331 | Vascular surgery practice appointment line. |
Radiology, MRI, CT, mammography and imaging hours
The Radiology Department itself operates around the clock, while routine outpatient imaging follows specific weekday schedules.
| Imaging service | Published outpatient hours |
|---|---|
| General Radiology | Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. |
| CT / CAT Scan | Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. |
| PET-CT | Mon, Wed, Thu 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. |
| Nuclear Medicine | Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. |
| Ultrasound | Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. |
| MRI | Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. |
| Mammography | Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m. |
| Bone Densitometry | Mon–Fri 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. |
| Interventional Radiology | Scheduled with referring/primary physician. |
The department currently reports a team that includes 10 board-certified radiologists. For outpatient imaging, bring valid photo identification and your clinic card. The hospital asks patients to tell the technologist before an exam if pregnancy is possible.
Pediatric care and newborn services
82-68 164th Street, Pavilion Building, First Floor, Suite P151.
New appointments: 718-883-3300.
Existing patients: 718-883-3301.
The Queens pediatric service provides routine primary care as well as pediatric specialty services. Current listed specialties include pediatric allergy, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, immunology, neurology, pulmonology/asthma, hematology and sickle-cell care.
Other pediatric services include routine checkups, immunizations, back-to-school and sports physicals, adolescent care, vision and hearing screening, integrated behavioral health, social-work assistance, telehealth and care for children with medical complexity.
Newborn and neonatal coverage
The hospital states that an experienced neonatologist is present in the hospital 24 hours a day for newborn emergencies. New York State also lists Queens Hospital Center as a Level 3 Perinatal Center and identifies neonatal intensive and intermediate care beds.
Women’s Health, maternity, labor and delivery
Women’s Health at Queens includes outpatient obstetrics and gynecology, prenatal care, pregnancy and childbirth care, gynecologic medical and surgical management, high-risk pregnancy services, antepartum testing, Labor and Delivery and postpartum services.
The hospital states that its main and satellite OB-GYN clinics offer daytime, evening and weekend ambulatory services. Exact appointment sessions should be confirmed when booking.
Queens also publishes abortion-care availability on Wednesdays. Counseling about options and financial support is available through the same Women’s Health number, 718-883-3244.
Eye clinic location, timing and emergency eye care
Resident and attending ophthalmologists are listed as available for emergency eye care around the clock.
The clinic provides general eye care, diabetic eye screening and specialty care for corneal disease, retina, glaucoma, uveitis, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.
The hospital asks first-time eye-clinic patients to arrive about 15 minutes early and warns that the full visit may take approximately 2½ hours. Pupil dilation alone can take 30–40 minutes, and additional testing can lengthen the visit.
Queens Hospital dental clinic
After-hours dental calls are handled by pager according to the department.
The Department of Dental Medicine treats children, adults and seniors. Published services include preventive and comprehensive general dentistry, restorative treatment, periodontal care, endodontic care, oral surgery, implants, dental emergencies and care for medically complex patients.
Dental residents provide care under supervision of general and specialty attending dentists. The current department page names Lucy Capobianco, DMD as Director of Service.
Cancer, diabetes and heart-care contacts
Queens Cancer Center
718-883-HOPEThe center provides comprehensive oncology care including chemotherapy, cancer screening and PET-CT-supported diagnosis/treatment planning.
Diabetes Center
718-883-3180Diabetes assessment, education, nutrition, pump support, CGM and referral services. Located on the fourth floor of the Pavilion Building.
Cardiology
718-883-4515Cardiac evaluation, stress tests, echocardiography, ambulatory monitoring, pacemaker services and electrophysiology consultation.
Queens Hospital visiting hours and visitor rules
The hospital’s current dedicated inpatient-visiting page permits very broad visitation on medical units, with exceptions for Behavioral Health and Mother/Baby.
Behavioral Health visitation
The current dedicated visitor page says the Behavioral Health treatment team and family can coordinate flexible visitation for adult inpatient psychiatric units.
Mother/Baby quiet time
The Mother/Baby Unit observes Quiet Time from 1:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m.. During that period, visitation is restricted to the designated significant other.
Visitor help
For current unit-specific visitor guidance, call Patient Information at 718-883-2670. Infection-control or clinical restrictions can change on short notice.
Parking, driving directions, subway and bus access
Driving to the hospital
Subway + bus
E or J train
Go to Jamaica Center / Parsons-Archer. From Jamaica Avenue and 160th Street, take the Q65 northbound to the hospital.
F train
Go to Parsons Boulevard station, then take the Q65 northbound from Parsons Boulevard and Hillside Avenue.
Bus routes listed by the hospital
- Q65 along 164th Street to NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens.
- Q25 / Q34 along Parsons Boulevard.
- Q46 along Union Turnpike to 164th Street.
Queens Hospital Center Google Map
Main campus: 82-68 164th Street, Jamaica, NY 11432.
How to get Queens Hospital medical records
Patients have online, in-person and mail options. Radiology films can also be requested.
Fastest digital route: MyChart
NYC Health + Hospitals identifies MyChart as a convenient way for patients to request and access health information. An online authorization process is also available for records that require a formal release.
Request records in person
Bring appropriate identification. The hospital gives examples including a passport, birth certificate or driver’s license.
Mail a medical-record request
Queens Hospital’s patient FAQ instructs patients using its paper process to complete the form, have it notarized and mail it to:
82-68 164th Street
Jamaica, NY 11432
Help with a records request
NYC Health + Hospitals’ medical-record service lists 866-390-7404 for help with hospital record requests, Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. Eastern Time.
Need X-rays, MRI or other radiology films?
The health system states that radiology films can be requested through the medical-record process and Health Information Management will coordinate with Radiology. Queens also publishes direct film-request numbers:
- Mammography or breast sonogram films: 718-883-4509.
- Other radiology exam films: 718-883-4415.
Birth certificate
A New York City birth certificate is not obtained from the hospital medical-record office. The hospital directs patients to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene for NYC birth certificates.
Billing, insurance, self-pay and financial assistance
24/7 automated payment; live billing advisors Mon–Fri 9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
Insurance enrollment, estimates and financial-assistance help.
Why you may receive more than one bill
NYC Health + Hospitals explains that a hospital/facility bill can include the room, supplies, medications, equipment, diagnostic services and other facility-related charges. A physician or provider bill may be separate.
Ways to pay
NYC Health + Hospitals supports payment through MyChart and by phone. The 24/7 automated phone system is available at 844-692-4692. Live Billing Inquiry Advisors are available Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Queens Hospital’s own FAQ also states that the hospital accepts cash, checks, debit and credit for in-person bill payment. Patients disputing a bill are advised to bring the bill and supporting documents and speak with a financial counselor.
Financial assistance
NYC Health + Hospitals provides sliding-fee financial assistance based on household size and income. Financial counselors can help with insurance coverage, reduced-fee programs, NYC Care and other options.
Does Queens Hospital accept my insurance?
Insurance participation can vary by insurance company, plan product, provider and service, so a static “accepted insurance” list can become misleading quickly. NYC Health + Hospitals maintains an insurance-search tool for current plan information.
If your insurance card lists a network or plan name, confirm both the hospital and the physician/provider participation before a non-emergency visit. For authorization-sensitive services such as imaging or procedures, ask whether prior authorization is required.
Interpreter and language assistance
NYC Health + Hospitals currently states that qualified interpreters are available in more than 300 languages, 24 hours a day, seven days a week across its facilities. Telephone interpretation covers 350+ languages, and video interpretation is available in dozens of languages including American Sign Language.
If you prefer to discuss your care in a language other than English, tell the registration desk, nurse or clinical staff that you need a qualified interpreter. The service is intended to help patients understand appointments, consent, discharge instructions, medications, billing and other hospital communication.
Patient meals and hospital stay basics
NYC Health + Hospitals serves inpatient meals daily, with Food Service staff helping patients order meals at bedside. The system includes plant-based meal choices among its hospital menus.
Patients with dietary restrictions should follow the care team’s instructions rather than having visitors bring food without checking with the nurse.
What to do before visiting Queens Hospital
For an outpatient appointment
- Confirm the date and appointment time.
- Confirm the building, floor and room.
- Bring photo identification.
- Bring your insurance card if insured.
- Bring referral/order information if required.
- Bring a current medication list.
- Ask how early the clinic wants you to arrive.
- Ask about expected copay or self-pay amount.
For a specialist
- Confirm whether a referral is required.
- Ask whether prior test results must be sent first.
- Verify your doctor’s name and clinic location.
- Ask the doctor’s actual clinic day rather than assuming.
- Confirm insurance authorization if necessary.
- Ask for a cost estimate if uninsured or self-pay.
Useful “where do I go?” guide
Which Queens Hospital number should you call?
Queens General Hospital NY FAQs
Answers to common searches about Queens General Hospital, Queens Hospital Center and NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens.
1. What is Queens General Hospital called now?
2. What is the address of Queens General Hospital in New York?
3. What is the main phone number for Queens Hospital Center?
4. Is Queens Hospital Emergency Room open 24 hours?
5. How much does an ER visit at Queens Hospital cost?
6. How do I make an appointment at Queens Hospital?
7. What are the visiting hours at Queens Hospital?
8. How do I get medical records from Queens Hospital?
9. How much is parking at Queens Hospital Center?
10. Can I see a specific doctor at Queens Hospital and find their working days?
Official information checked for this guide
The practical facts above were extracted from current NYC Health + Hospitals pages, specialty-department pages, the 2026 financial-assistance fee schedule and the New York State Health Profile. Official links below are provided mainly for actions, forms and final verification rather than as substitutes for the information in this guide.
- NYC Health + Hospitals/Queens — current facility page
- Queens contact directory
- Queens Emergency Care
- Current inpatient visiting guidance
- Map, parking and directions
- NYC Health + Hospitals medical records
- Financial assistance
- New York State Health Profile — Queens Hospital Center
Information reviewed August 20, 2026. Hospital schedules, individual physician availability, insurance participation, visitor restrictions, financial-assistance eligibility and parking arrangements can change. Where the hospital does not publicly state an exact fee or schedule, this guide intentionally does not invent one.